Psychology
What are conversational styles? How does the process of communication create and lead to conflict? How can understanding this reduce conflict?
A communication approach (also referred to as a conversational style) is how people exchange ideas with others via language. Multicultural communication is marked by numerous distinctions. Societies can be high-context or low-context, and there are numerous distinctions in personal interaction, personal boundary, and signals. Conversation norms can help people improve their intercultural communications by letting them understand which verbal and nonverbal cues to employ. When teammates work with disparate sets of knowledge and have opposing attitudes and work methods, tensions can arise, leading to miscommunication and rage. Enhancing conversation skills and assuring that teammates adhere to established communication rules can assist in easing the issue. A failure of conversation can result in misunderstandings, which can result in errors, failed timelines, and shifted program objectives. Miscommunication occurs when people share ideas without fully comprehending what they are saying (Lisa, 2018). This may lead to misinterpretations of information and specifics, causing one staff representative to operate from a certain subset of observed realities and details while another works in the opposite direction. When a misunderstanding is recognized, and each participant feels his or her method is the “correct” solution, it can lead to conflict. Enhanced understanding broadens people’s comprehension of the problem, providing insights into ways they can attain their individual objectives without jeopardizing the aspirations of others (Drake Editorial Team, 2011).
Explain the importance of understanding someone’s frame of reference? How do we describe someone’s frame of reference? Explain the tactics and components.
A frame of reference is the collection of beliefs or standards by which an individual or society judges concepts, behaviors, and events. Frames of Reference are useful since they allow people to take in a wide range of data and analyze it depending on their prior experiences and beliefs. Indeed, a person’s Frame of Reference enhances life consistency and faster choice-making. Understanding someone’s frame of reference also helps an individual make informed decisions while dealing with others to avoid resistance. As a result, the capacity to handle opposition is inextricably tied to the capacity to comprehend the consequences of the decision from the personal or Frame of Reference. The information offers significant views into various Frames of Reference concerning the specific decision, allowing suitable plans and approaches to be implemented (Alsher, 2017). The framework, perspective, or collection of principles or evaluation standards under which an individual’s sight and thought appear always to happen and which selectively curtails the direction and consequence of these actions are referred to as one’s frame of reference.
What is power in interpersonal conflict? How do we define and explain it? Can we quantify power? What role doe power play in settling a dispute?
Power is based on managing currency that other individuals require. Competence, resource management, interpersonal links, personality traits, and closeness are all grounds of Interpersonal power in conflict. People frequently neglect to recognize their own resources of power. As a result, they may turn to desperation and damaging low-power techniques. A better understanding of their potential power expands people’s perceptions of their own possibilities, resulting in more constructive conflicts (Hocker & Burton, 2017). Power exists in all social interactions. Interdependence in interpersonal interactions generates power. It is either beneficial or harmful in and of itself, but it can be utilized in both constructive and detrimental directions. Conflicts are essentially about power dynamics. Instead of redistributing a fixed quantity of power, constructive conflict settlement tries to enhance the parties’ authority. While power is commonly conceived of as something that individuals own, it is actually a consequence of interpersonal relationships and is usually related to some relationships. Power is challenging to quantify because there are numerous ways to wield it, and it is frequently employed discreetly. Nevertheless, what is fascinating is that the effectiveness or failure of the dispute resolution process is strongly reliant on the type of power used (Marigat, Kiamba, Kagwanja & Nzomo, 2017).
Explain and define complementary schismogenesis. Provide examples.
A pattern in which two individuals show increasingly extreme kinds of behaviors that cause greater symptoms of a discrepant behavior in the other. When two parties of individuals engage in such a way that a conduct X from one party prompts a conduct Y from the other, the two behaviours complement each other, as seen by the dominant-submissive behaviours of a class conflict. Moreover, the actions may accentuate one another, resulting in a significant split and potential dispute. Conflicts can be mitigated by minimizing knowledge gaps between the two parties (Schismogenesis, n.d.). When languages and societal distinctions get exaggerated when they get in touch, complementing schismogenesis occurs. Gregory Bateson invented this concept to explain what occurs when persons with distinct societal standards get into encounter: each responds to the other’s contrasting kinds of behavior by engaging in more of the oppositional behavior. The other instance of complementary schismogenesis occurs when somebody who is accustomed to standing near the individual with whom they are conversing has a discussion with somebody who is most comfy with a bigger gap between them and the other individual. The first individual will continue to move nearer, while the other will continue to move away.
What are the various factors that can persuade or influence someone in a negotiation?
Liking: According to the concept of like, individuals tend to fulfill the demands of those they appreciate. According to the psychology of persuasion, people like individuals for either of 3 motives: they are comparable to them, praise them or work together to achieve mutual objectives. One of the greatest significant criteria in achieving a favorable conclusion throughout negotiations is likability.
Credibility: In every negotiation procedure, credibility and reciprocal trust are critical. When it comes to negotiating, individuals who are considered to be genuine, truthful, consistent, and dependable have an advantage.
Scarcity: Persuasive negotiation necessitates not merely informing the other parties of the advantages they will receive if they choose the goods but also demonstrating the offer’s worth and restricted supply (Principles of persuasion – The psychology behind successful negotiation, 2021). Therefore, they must persuade why their suggestion is exceptional and persuade the opposing party of the consequences of not considering their plan.
References
Alsher, P. (2017). Understanding frame of reference is a key factor in practical change management. IMA | Change Management | AIM Methodology. https://www.imaworldwide.com/blog/understanding-frame-of-reference-is-a-key-factor-in-practical-change-management
Drake Editorial Team. (2011). How to resolve conflicts rationally and effectively. https://drakeintl.co.uk/drakepulse/how-to-resolve-conflicts-rationally-and-effectively/
Joyce Hocker, & William Wilmot Burton. (2016, June 18). Summary of “Power in interpersonal conflict”. Beyond Intractability. https://www.beyondintractability.org/artsum/hocker-power
Lisa McQuerrey. (2018). The relationship between supervisory communication, subordinate performance & satisfaction. Your Business. https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/relationship-between-supervisory-communication-subordinate-performance-satisfaction-12844.html
Principles of persuasion – The psychology behind successful negotiation. (2021, October 20). Procurement Tactics. https://procurementtactics.com/principles-persuasion/
Saul Kipchirchir Marigat, Anita Kiamba, Peter Kagwanja, & Maria Nzomo. (2017). Power And Conflict Management: Is There A Relationship? IOSR Journal. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue8/Version-5/C2208050815.pdf
Schismogenesis. (n.d.). Psychology Wiki. Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Schismogenesis
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